바이오인

 

Foreword................ iii
Acknowledgments................  iv
Abbreviations ................ iv
Executive Summary ................ vii
1. Introduction................  1
2. Scope ................ 3
3. Issues in biofuels production from lignocellulose................  4
  3.1 Sufficient feedstocks supply ................ 4
  3.2 Agronomic inputs and land use changes ................ 4
  3.3 Total energy of biofuel production and greenhouse gas emissions ................ 5
  3.4 Biofuels versus biorefineries ................ 5
4. Biofuels obtained from lignocellulosics ................ 7
  4.1 Ethanol................  7
  4.2 Butanol ................ 8
  4.3 Methanol ................ 8
  4.4 Ethers ................ 8
  4.5 Cyclic ethers................  8
  4.6 Synthetic diesel/Synfuel ................ 9
  4.7 Biogas................  9
4.8 Hydrogen ................ 9
5. Lignocellulosic feedstocks ................ 10
  5.1 Structure and Properties................  10
  5.2 Polysaccharide components of lignocellullose ................ 10
  5.3 Lignin................  11
6. Separation and pretreatment methods for lignocellulose................  12
  6.1 Mechanical comminution: milling, chipping and grinding ................ 12
  6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis................  12
  6.3 Concentrated Acid Process ................ 13
  6.4 Steam Explosion................  13
  6.5 Liquid hot water treatment................  13
  6.6 Organosolve................  14
  6.7 Alkaline hydrolysis including lime ................ 14
  6.8 Ammonia Fibre Explosion (AFEX)................  14
  6.9 Carbon dioxide explosion ................ 14
  6.10 Ozonolysis................  14
  6.11 Oxidative delignification................  14
  6.12 Biological pretreatment................  15
  6.13 Solvation methods................  15
  6.14 Ultrasonic pretreatment................  15
7. Conversion processes for lignocellulose................  16
  7.1 Pyrolysis................  16
  7.1.1 Slow pyrolysis ................ 17
  7.1.2 Fast pyrolysis ................ 17
  7.1.2 Catalysed pyrolysis................  17
  7.2 Gasification................  18
  7.2.1 General methods................  18
  7.2.2 Fisher-Tropsch diesel from syngas................  18
  7.2.3 Syngas from bio-oil ................ 19
  7.2.4 Ethanol from syngas via catalysis................  19
  7.2.5 Methanol from syngas via catalysis ................ 19
  7.2.6 Micro-organism processing of syngas to ethanol................  19
  7.3 Enzymes and biological conversion of lignocellulose................  20
  7.3.1 General process................  20
  7.3.2 Saccharification................  20
  7.3.3 Fermentation to ethanol ................ 21
  7.3.4 Co-fermentation of hexoses and pentoses to ethanol................  21
  7.3.5 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)................  22
  7.3.6 Fermentation to other products................  22
  7.3.7 Alcohol recovery technologies ................ 22
  7.4 Anaerobic digestion (Biogas) ................ 22
8. New developments................  23
9. Techno-economic aspects of lignocelluosic fuel production ................ 24
  9.2 Summary of conversion technologies ................ 25
10. Status of research, development and commercialisation of lignocellulose-derived biofuels ..... 26
  10.1 International................  26
  10.2 Australia ................ 32
  10.2.1 Research and Development ................ 32
11. Research and development gaps for Australia ................ 34
12. Glossary................  35
13. References ................ 37