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Science, technology and innovation in Europe

 

 

It is widely recognised that knowledge and innovation are the key determinants of jobs and growth. With a wide set of data tables, graphs and written analysis, this publication draws a comprehensive picture of the Science, Technology and Innovation activities in the European Union as carried out by its people, enterprises and governments . It reveals in particular the contributions and expenditures on research and development; defines the characteristics of the high-skilled people participating. It further widely describes the innovation activities of enterprises as well as patenting which is one of the channels leading to commercialising newly developed technology.

 

- Preface...............................................1
- Acknowledgments ...............................................2
- Overview and executive summary...............................................14
PART 1 Investing in R&D...............................................19
Chapter 1 Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays on R&D — GBAORD . . . . . . . . . . . .19
1.1 Introduction...............................................20
1.2 Total GBAORD ...............................................21
1.3 GBAORD by socio-economic objectives ...............................................24
Chapter 2 R&D expenditure...............................................29
2.1 Introduction...............................................30
2.2 R&D at the national level ...............................................31
- R&D intensity ...............................................31
- R&D expenditure in volume...............................................34
2.3 R&D at the regional level ...............................................39
PART 2 Monitoring the knowledge workers...............................................43
Chapter 3 R&D personnel ...............................................43
3.1 Introduction ................................................44
3.2 R&D personnel at the national level...............................................45
- R&D personnel as a percentage of total employment................................................45
- R&D personnel in full time equivalent ...............................................48
- R&D personnel in head count ...............................................49
- Researchers in full-time equivalent - FTE...............................................50
- Researchers by gender ...............................................52
- Researchers by economic activity ...............................................54
- Researchers by field of science ...............................................55
3.3 R&D personnel at the regional level ...............................................56
Chapter 4 Human resources in science and technology ...............................................59
4.1 Introduction ...............................................60
4.2 Education inflows ...............................................62
- Participation in tertiary education................................................62
- Graduation from tertiary education...............................................66
4.3 Stocks of human resources in science and technology...............................................70
- HRST stocks at the national level ...............................................70
- HRST stocks at the regional level................................................76
4.4 Mobility ...............................................79
4.5 Nationality ...............................................81

PART 3 Productivity and competitiveness ...............................................83
Chapter 5 Innovation...............................................83
5.1 Introduction...............................................84
5.2 Community Innovation Survey ...............................................84
- CIS 4 ...............................................84
- CIS – History ...............................................85
- Innovation surveys in other countries ...............................................86
5.3 EU-27 aggregates...............................................87
5.4 Innovation data at the national level ...............................................103
- General information about the enterprises ...............................................103
- Product (goods or services) and process innovation ...............................................110
- Innovation activity and expenditure................................................116
- Sources of information and cooperation for innovation activities...............................124
- Effects of innovation during 2002-2004...............................................134
- Factors hampering innovation activities ................................................136
- Intellectual property rights...............................................140
- Organisational and marketing innovations ...............................................145
5.5 Comparison between CIS 3 and CIS 4 ...............................................150
5.6 European Innovation Scoreboard 2006 (EIS 2006) ...............................................154
Chapter 6 Patents...............................................157
6.1. Introduction ...............................................158
6.2 Triadic patent families ...............................................160
6.3 Total patent applications to the EPO and patents granted by the USPTO...............161
6.4 High-tech patent applications ...............................................169
Chapter 7 High-tech industries and knowledge based services........175
7.1 Introduction ...............................................176
7.2 Enterprises in high-tech industries and knowledge-intensive services ............177
7.3 Venture Capital Investments................................................179
7.4 Trade in high-tech products...............................................181
7.5 Employment in high-tech industries and in knowledge-intensive services..................183
- Performance at national level in Europe................................................183
- Performance at regional level in Europe ..............................................188
7.6 R&D in high-technology...............................................192
Chapter 8 The 2006 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.....................195
8.1. Introduction ...............................................196
8.2 Overview of industrial R&D investment...........................................197
- Enterprise group dynamics ...............................................197
- Slight decline in R&D intensity due to relative high net sales growth ...............198
- R&D concentration likely to remain high................198
- R&D investment in EU countries ............................199

8.3 Other key findings................................................202
- Considerable number of smaller and medium-sized EU companies
in high R&D-intensive sectors.......................202
- Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and service sectors play an important role
in R&D investment growth ...............................................202
- The role of R&D for business performance .................................202
- Scoreboard webpage...............................................202
Methodological notes...............................................203
Abbreviations and symbols...............................................227