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Biotechnology: A Collection of Technologies.................. 1
What Is Biotechnology?................................................... 1
Cells and Biological Molecules......................................... 1
Biotechnology Industry Facts 2
Market Capitalization, 1994?2006................................... 3
U.S. Biotech Industry Statistics: 1995?2006.................... 3
U.S. Public Companies by Region, 2006......................... 4
Total Financing, 1998?2007 (in billions of U.S. dollars)..... 4
Biotech Industry Financing............................................... 5
Time Line....................... 6
Biotechnology Policy Milestones.................................... 15
Technologies and Tools....................... 18
Bioprocessing Technology............................................. 18
Recombinant DNA Technology...................................... 18
Monoclonal Antibodies.................................................. 19
Cloning.......................................................................... 20
Protein Engineering........................................................ 20
Biosensors.................................................................... 21
Nanobiotechnology....................................................... 21
Microarrays.................................................................... 22
From Biotechnology to Biology: Using Biotech Tools to Understand Life.............. 23
Research Applications of Biotechnology........................ 23
Putting the Pieces Together: ‘Omics’ and Related Tools..... 27
The Next Step: Using New Knowledge to Develop Products........................... 29
Health Care Applications....................... 32
Diagnostics.................................................................... 32
Therapeutics.................................................................. 32
Personalized Medicine................................................... 35

Regenerative Medicine.................................................. 36
Vaccines........................................................................ 37
Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals......................................... 37
Therapeutic Development Overview............................... 38
Agricultural Production Applications....................... 41
Crop Biotechnology....................................................... 41
Forest Biotechnology..................................................... 44
Animal Biotechnology.................................................... 45
Aquaculture................................................................... 51
Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1995?2007: Industrial and Developing Countries (million acres)................... 53
Global Area of Transgenic Crops in 2006 and 2007 by Country (million acres)............. 53
Agricultural Biotech Products on the Market .......................54
Food Biotechnology .......................60
Improving the Raw Materials.......................................... 60
Food Processing........................................................... 61
Food Safety Testing....................................................... 62
Industrial and Environmental Applications .......................63
Industrial Sustainability................................................... 63
Biocatalysts................................................................... 64
Biofuel........................................................................... 64
Existing and Planned U.S. Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefineries.................. 66
Green Plastics............................................................... 67
Nanotechnology............................................................ 67
Environmental Biotechnology......................................... 68
Industries That Benefit................................................... 69
Consumer Goods Made With Industrial Biotech....................... 70
Examples of Industrial Enzymes .......................71

Industrial Biotech?Related Sales in Chemicals, 2005: $95.5 Billion....................... 72
Preparedness for Pandemics and Biodefense....................... 73
A Strategic Asset........................................................... 73
Other Approaches......................................................... 74
Other Uses....................... 75
DNA Fingerprinting........................................................ 75
Intellectual Property....................... 77
What Is a Patent?.......................................................... 77
The Purpose of a Patent................................................ 77
Patentable Inventions................................................78
Patent Requirements..................................................... 78
The Patent Application................................................... 79
Patenting Organisms..................................................... 79
Patent Licensing............................................................ 80
Recent Patent Developments........................................ 80
Ethics....................... 81
Ethical Issues................................................................. 82
BIO Statement of Ethical Principles....................... 86
Biotechnology Resources .......................88
Periodicals, Headline Services and Web Sites............88
General Science Journals.............................................. 89
Biotech Education and Careers..................................... 89
Selected Recent Reports on Biotechnology................... 89
Glossary of Biotech-related Terms....................... 93