바이오인

 

 

 

 

1. Defining and measuring eco-innovation 2
1.1 Defining eco-innovation 2
1.2 Types of eco-innovations 3
1.2.1 Towards a ‘life-cycle’ perspective 3
1.2.2 Product and process innovations 4
1.2.3 Organisational innovations 5
1.2.4 Marketing innovations 5
1.3 Levels of eco-innovation 6
1.4 Measuring eco-innovation 7
1.4.1 Key challenges of measuring eco-innovation 7
1.4.1.1 Eco-innovation indicators on the micro level 7
1.4.1.2 Constructing aggregate measurement levels 9
1.4.1.3 Linking eco-innovation to the material flow indicators 10
1.4.2 Priority actions for evidence based eco-innovation policies 13
2. Evidence on eco-innovation in the EU 14
2.1 The micro-level: eco-innovation in companies 14
2.1.1 Evidence from the Community Innovation Survey 14
2.1.2 Modes of innovation 18
2.1.3 Case studies of eco-innovators 20
2.2 The meso-level: product systems and technological regimes 22
2.2.1.1 Static sectoral aggregates 22
2.2.1.2 Product life-cycle perspective 22
2.2.1.3 Technological regimes perspective 23
2.2.1.4 Industrial symbiosis perspective 24
2.3 The macro-level: is innovation contributing to a more sustainable economy? 27
2.3.1 International competitiveness in environmental goods and service 27
2.3.2 Patents 28
2.3.3 Publications 29
2.3.4 Innovation and environmental and resource performance 31
3. Determinants of eco-innovation 34
3.1 Introduction - mapping eco-innovation determinants 34
3.2 Costs and demand 35
3.3 Regulation and standardisation 40
3.4 Taxation 42
3.5 Competition 43

3.6 Socio-cultural factors 45
3.6.1 Cultural capital and consumer behaviour 46
3.6.2 Human capital 47
3.6.3 Social capital 48
3.6.4 Organisational capital 48
4. Eco-innovation: towards a fourth generation innovation policy 50
4.1 Changing the nature of innovation policy 50
4.1.1 Innovation policy today 50
4.1.2 Revisiting innovation policy 52
4.1.3 Innovation policy for sustainability 53
4.2 Steps towards a more sustainable mode of innovation policy 55
4.2.1 Setting conceptual borders 55
4.2.2 Identifying key policy challenges 55
4.2.3 Setting long term policy objectives and targets 55
4.2.4 Getting the right policy mix for eco-innovation 56
4.2.5 Policy coherence: making a policy out of the policy mix 58
4.2.5.1 Horizontal coherence 59
4.2.5.2 Vertical coherence 59
4.2.5.3 Temporal coherence 59
4.2.6 Policy learning – on-going evaluation and policy feedback 60
4.3 Selected examples of policy measures supporting eco-innovation 61
4.3.1 The Dutch Energy Transition programme 61
4.3.2 The Austrian Programme on Technologies for Sustainable Development 63
4.3.3 The British National Industrial Symbiosis Programme (NISP) 64
4.3.4 EKU: The Swedish Tool for Ecologically Sustainable Procurement 66
4.3.5 The Japanese Top Runner standard 67
5. Conclusions and recommendations 70