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Synthetic biology unites multidisciplinary efforts directed at the design of complex biological
systems to obtain useful novel properties and activities based on the exploitation of
well-characterised, orthogonal and re-usable building blocks. It aims to adopt the design
structures that are well established in classic engineering disciplines for biotechnology. Synthetic biology is predicated on the notion that successful design of a biological system from scratch is the ultimate proof of understanding, and concomitantly the most powerful way to advance biotechnological solutions to challenging global problems in bioenergy, biomedicine and bioremediation. Synthetic biology thus represents a radical change from the current practice of simplistic small-scale adaptation of poorly understood natural systems towards often incompatible goals. Synthetic biology requires advanced strategies for the design and implementation of autonomous parts or minimal functions, subsystems and finally complex systems into a suitable chassis. To realise this, synthetic biology has to address significant conceptual challenges in the design of complex systems, in particular those posed by orthogonality and evolution.