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Developments in neuroscience, the study of the brain and nervous system, are likely to provide signifi cant benefi ts for society. Increasing understanding of the brain and advances in technologies to study it will enable improved treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, and mental illnesses, including depression and schizophrenia. They will increase our insights into normal human behaviour and mental wellbeing, as well as enabling other enhancement, manipulation, and even degradation of brain function and cognition.