바이오인

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 4

2. STATE OF THE ART..................................................... 5
 2.1 Evidentiary Limitations............................................... 5
 2.2 Incentives to Innovate .............................................. 8
  2.2.1 Nature of the innovation ........................................ 8
  2.2.2 Transplanting IP to developing countries ............. 11
 2.3 Access Quagmires ................................................ 12
  2.3.1 Access to research inputs and outputs .............. 13
  2.3.2 Potential remedial mechanisms ........................................ 18
 2.4 Analysing Costs and Benefits: Beyond the Innovation/Access Paradigm? ....... 23

3. CONTEXTUAL CONTINGENCIES ........................................................ 24
  3.1 Globalising Forces ....................................................... 24
   3.1.1 The role of institutions: Patent offices, WIPO, WTO, and WHO ................... 24
   3.1.2 A survey of IP heterogeneity: OECD countries, India, China and Brazil ......... 26
  3.2 New Scientific Frontiers, New IP Challenges, Familiar Distribution of Wealth and Health
       Benefits? .................................................................................... 29
   3.2.1 Cross-border science: Patenting stem cell technologies around the world and the  

           Canada-California Cancer Stem Cell Consortium ................................................... 30
   3.2.2 Synthetic biology as a “perfect storm” of IP issues? ...................................... 32

4. LOOKING AHEAD ................................................................................................ 34

APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 38