바이오인

 

 

 

This report would not exist without the collaboration of many individuals and organizations.

Each country survey was implemented by the Social and Economic Sciences Research Center(SESRC) of Washington State University; members of that team included John Tarnai, ThomAllen, Rita Koontz, Jolyn Persons, David Schultz, Nikolay Ponomarev, and Vincent Kok.

We wish to thank the following individuals for their direct or indirect contributions to this project: Georg Botz, The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science; Gerhard Gottschalk, Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities; Peter Gottstein, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Washington, D.C.; Nicole Hartmann, Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities; Duncan Matthews, Queen Mary Institute for Intellectual Property, University of London; Marion Müller, German Research Foundation; John P. Walsh, Georgia Institute of Technology; and Sandra Westerburg, German Research Foundation.

We are additionally indebted to Jana L. Asher, Audrey R. Chapman, Mark S. Frankel, and Mona Younis for their continued support and guidance.

We are grateful to the Sasakawa Peace Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the John D.and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for their generous financial support for this project.

 

 

 

Purpose and Scope of the Report................................................................................................. 6
Summary and Basic Methodology................................................................................................6
Sampling Frames................................................................................................................. 7
Acquiring Intellectual Property....................................................................................................8
Research Tools.....................................................................................................................9
Terms of Access.................................................................................................................10
Difficulties Acquiring Intellectual Property...................................................................... 11
Patenting and Licensing of Research Results.................................................................... 13
Observations on the Acquisition and Dissemination of Intellectual Property....................... 14
Scientific Publishing and Access to Scientific Literature.........................................................16
Basis for Publishing........................................................................................................... 16
Criteria in Publishing Scientific Work...............................................................................16
Means of Publishing Scientific Work................................................................................18
Protecting Scientific Work.................................................................................................18
Copyright and Access to Scientific Literature...................................................................19
Open Access Licensing Models.........................................................................................19
Ease of Access to Scientific Literature.............................................................................. 20
Observations on Scientific Publishing and Access to Scientific Literature............................20
Access to Scientific Data from Publicly Funded Sources...............22
Difficulties with Accessing Publicly Funded Data............................................................22
Effects of Difficulties on Scientific Research....................................................................22
Observations on Access to Scientific Data from Publicly Funded Sources............................ 23