기술동향
Handbook : Help Me Understand Genetics
- 등록일2009-01-28
- 조회수8242
- 분류기술동향
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자료발간일
2009-01-23
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출처
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov
- 원문링크
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키워드
#Genetics#Cells#DNA
- 첨부파일
handbook_Genetics.pdf
Handbook : Help Me Understand Genetics
Handbook
Table of Contents
Cells and DNA 3
Cells, genes, and chromosomes
Cells, genes, and chromosomes
How Genes Work 16
Proteins, cell growth, and cell division
Proteins, cell growth, and cell division
Mutations and Health 35
Gene mutations, chromosomal changes, and conditions that run in families
Gene mutations, chromosomal changes, and conditions that run in families
Inheriting Genetic Conditions 72
Inheritance patterns and understanding risk
Inheritance patterns and understanding risk
Genetic Consultation 101
Finding and visiting a genetic counselor or other genetics professional
Finding and visiting a genetic counselor or other genetics professional
Genetic Testing 106
Benefits, costs, risks, and limitations of genetic testing
Benefits, costs, risks, and limitations of genetic testing
Gene Therapy 122
Experimental techniques, safety, ethics, and availability
Experimental techniques, safety, ethics, and availability
The Human Genome Project 131
Sequencing and understanding the human genome
Sequencing and understanding the human genome
Genomic Research 137
Next steps in studying the human genome
Chapter 1
Cells and DNA
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
What is a cell? 4
What is DNA? 9
What is mitochondrial DNA? 11
What is a gene? 12
What is a chromosome? 13
How many chromosomes do people have? 15
What is DNA? 9
What is mitochondrial DNA? 11
What is a gene? 12
What is a chromosome? 13
How many chromosomes do people have? 15
What is DNA?
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact of the DNA present in the old cell.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people.
The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact of the DNA present in the old cell.
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