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The perception-action-learning loop is at the heart of intelligence. To understand it - let alone replicate it - will be challenging.

Although ‘intelligence’ means different things to different people, it takes a certain generosity to point to bees or bacteria as an example. But why not? Bees can fly hundreds of metres and land on a swaying flower. And bacteria, whilst lacking a brain (or even nerves), might rally their neighbours to migrate to a better place to multiply. These are just two of the ways in which organisms perceive, process information and act autonomously so that they can respond to, and ultimately survive in, their environment. Scientists are looking to examples like these for inspiration as they try to create artificially intelligent helpers of the future.

Intelligent systems could become our assistants and advisors, going beyond human limitations. They could repair nuclear reactors, or detect and treat diseases. Taking these possibilities from the realm of science fiction to the real world will mean exploring the foundations of intelligence - both natural and artificial.

Macrobots

Any intelligent being needs to be versatile enough to cope with a rapidly changing world. For this, it needs an array of sensors that provide it with a barrage of information. The human eye and skin exemplify these sensors, as they can extract vast amounts of information from external signals.

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