바이오인

1. Introduction...........  5
1.1 Wider context...........  5
1.2 The study...........  7

 

2. Feedstock...........  9
2.1 Overview...........  9
2.2 Diversity of feedstocks ........... 10
2.3 Land use and ecosystem issues...........  13
2.4 Research and development for feedstock improvement: current strategies...........  15

 

3. Conversion and biorefineries...........  19
3.1 Overview...........  19
3.2 Supply, preparation and pre-treatment of raw materials...........  20
3.3 Bioethanol and biobutanol production........... 23
3.4 Biodiesel ........... 24
3.5 Synthetic biofuels ........... 25
3.6 Biorefineries...........  28
3.7 Developments...........  29

 

4. End use and distribution ........... 31
4.1 Overview...........  31
4.2 Relative differences between different fuels and their usage...........  32
4.3 Fuel standards and specifications...........  33
4.4 Engine modifications and performance...........  34
4.5 Atmospheric emissions from the use of biofuels ........... 35
4.6 Conclusions and recommendations...........  36

 

5. Evaluating the impact of biofuels...........  37
5.1 Overview...........  37
5.2 Life-cycle assessment...........  37
5.3 Limitations and opportunities in life-cycle assessment...........  38
5.4 Biofuels and greenhouse gas emissions...........  39
5.5 Land use...........  40
5.6 Water consumption...........  42
5.7 Wider pollution issues ........... 45
5.8 Biodiversity...........  46
5.9 Conclusions and recommendations ........... 47

 

6. Policy...........  49
6.1 Wider policy context ........... 49
6.2 Commercial motivations and innovation ........... 49
6.3 Energy security and mitigation of climate change...........  50
6.4 Climate change and land use...........  51
6.5 Policy instruments for biofuels...........  52
6.6 Transport fuels and transport policy more generally...........  53
6.7 Policy and research...........  54
6.8 Public dialogue and communication...........  54
6.9 Conclusions ........... 55

 

7. Research and development ........... 57
7.1 Feedstocks...........  57
7.2 Conversion and biorefineries...........  58
7.3 End use and distribution...........  59
7.4 Evaluating environmental impacts...........  59
7.5 Policy...........  59