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The life science industry, which in this study includes pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, medical technology, industrial biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology, is big business in Denmark. Jointly, these industries had a turnover of nearly DKK 100 billion in 2006 which was equivalent to over 5% of the Danish gross domestic product. The aim of the present study has been to look for structures and factors that promoted this successful development.

 

 

Summary .................................................................................................. 7

1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 9

2 The life science industry before 1989 ........................................... 10
  2.1 Food/agricultural and industrial biotech ............................................. 10
  2.2 Pharmaceuticals, including biopharmaceuticals ................................. 12
  2.3 Medical Technology ........................................................................... 15

3 Initiatives to strengthen innovation .............................................. 18
  3.1 Attraction policies/Medicon Valley .................................................... 18
  3.2 General conditions .............................................................................. 19
  3.3 Venture capital .................................................................................... 20
  3.4 Strategic public research and incentives for private participation ...... 23
  3.5 Incentives for commercialisation - The Act on Inventions at Public Research

       Institutions .... 25
  3.6 The globalisation strategy ................................................................... 26
  3.7 Science ................................................................................................ 29
  3.8 Clinical research ................................................................................. 30
  3.9 Conclusion regarding public initiatives .............................................. 32

4 Life science industry 1989-2007 .................................................... 33
  4.1 Status for life science industry ............................................................ 33
  4.2 Life science start-ups 1989-1996 ........................................................ 36
  4.3 Life science start-ups 1997-2006 ........................................................ 37
  4.4 Comparison to published studies ........................................................ 42

5 Important factors for development of new life science companies...............45

6 Current trends ................................................................................. 47
  6.1 Mergers & Acquisitions ...................................................................... 47
  6.2 Out-sourcing and alliances .................................................................. 48
  6.3 Seed and Venture Capital ................................................................... 49
  6.4 Public research and innovation ........................................................... 49
  6.5 Policies for attracting clinical trials .................................................... 50
  6.6 Biotech outside the health area ........................................................... 51

7 Conclusions .................................................................................... 52

8 References and related literature .................................................. 54

9 Appendix ......................................................................................... 58
  9.1 Interviews ............................................................................................ 58
  9.2 Bibliometry ......................................................................................... 58