바이오인

 

 

This report provides statistics on biotechnology activities for 22 OECD countries and four non-member countries. The main methodological challenges concern the production of comparable statistics across countries that have used different survey designs. Table 1.1. summarises the main methodological characteristics of the studies of biotechnology in each country.

This methodological section applies to the data presented in Chapters two through six. The indicators and analyses presented in these Chapters are based on biotechnology data collected by the OECD from national representatives. The chapter on biotechnology patents is based on OECD patent data. The other data presented in the report, including biotechnology in agriculture, biotechnology in health, biotechnology alliances and biotechnology venture capital, are based on external data sources.

In an effort to harmonise data collection and improve international comparability, the OECD developed a data collection questionnaire in 2008 that each national producer of biotechnology statistics could complete and return to the OECD.4 The data compiled through the OECD biotechnology questionnaire was used in this report.

The use of this questionnaire helped to obtain consistent results, providing a major improvement over the data collection for the 2006 edition of OECD Biotechnology Statistics, which relied on national reports.

Twenty-one OECD countries and two non-member countries returned the completed questionnaire. Most of these countries provided data for the latest available year; however, 11 countries provided data covering several years. Only Japan, Brazil and South Africa were not able to complete the OECD biotechnology questionnaire.

Data for these countries was extracted from national reports.5 The OECD biotechnology questionnaire focused on biotechnology activities in the business enterprise sector (firms). This reflects the focus of the OECD Framework for Biotechnology Statistics, published in 2005, which proposes definitions, standards and a conceptual framework for collecting internationally comparable data on biotechnology. However, the questionnaire also included one question on biotechnology R&D by sector of performance, in order to capture the public sector. This is part of the OECD’s ongoing effort to establish guidelines for the collection of public sector data.

Most of the data presented in this report are for firms active in biotechnology. Data availability depends on how each country collects biotechnology statistics. Biotechnology activities can be measured in three ways:
? Dedicated surveys of firms active in biotechnology;
? Adding questions on biotechnology to the national R&D survey of firms;
? Constructing databases with information on biotechnology firms from diverse secondary sources, and/or data linking exercises.

Several countries conduct more than one collection exercise. Fourteen countries collect data on biotechnology firm activity via their R&D firm surveys. As a result, these data may underestimate the number of biotechnology firms, as firms that use biotechnology but do not perform biotechnology R&D are excluded. Twelve countries run dedicated biotechnology surveys. Four countries constructed databases: Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. Austria and Belgium obtained information on the biotechnology activities of firms by linking data from secondary sources with the results of existing surveys.

The diverse types of biotechnologies and the range of possible applications create two main challenges for developing comparable biotechnology statistics: how to define biotechnology and how to define a biotechnology firm.

 

............... (계속)