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Industrial mass production based on cheap resources has reached its limits. The remarkable success of this model in the 20. Century has come to its end. Cheap energies so far have influenced production, consumption, traffic, lifestyles and the global division of labour. They have contributed to the high labour productivity.

However, the environmental impacts of this resource-intensive growth threatens the living conditions of a growing mankind. And the increasing demand for energy and materials increases the costs. The substitution of labour by cheap energy has reached social and economic limits.

This crisis has been discussed since 35 years and alternatives of ecoefficiency and ecological modernization have been known for a long time.

Now we are witnessing a global break-through of this alternative paradigm. The new concepts of a „Green New Deal“ or „Industrial Revolution“ (Barroso) are symbolising not only a breakthrough of the old idea but also the will to enforce its potential dynamics. This is an
extraordinary challenge to environmental governance.