바이오인

There is widespread agreement that £1 spent on biomedical and health research will yield a large and positive rate of return, much of which will not be captured within the outputs of the organization that spent that £1 (Jaffe et al., 2000; Breschi and Lissoni, 2001; HERG et al., 2008). For example, research at a university laboratory into the mechanics of a disease process may lead to numerous benefits beyond the better understanding of that particular question, including new treatments developed by private companies or other organisations, or providing insights which aid research into other diseases, or generating spin-offs into other areas of activity altogether, perhaps due to advances in non-medical computer software which were prompted by the needs of the original, medical, research.