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In 2008 businesses in the United States performed $76.1 billion of research and development with health and medical applications, out of the total $290.7 billion of R&D they performed (figure 1). Over 86% of the health or medical R&D performed by businesses was paid for by the reporting companies themselves (R&D expense). Defense was the next largest application area, accounting for over $41.5 billion of business R&D in the United States. Unlike health or medical applications, most of the defense R&D performed by companies was not paid for by the companies themselves, rather it was paid for by the federal government. These data are from the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), which collected a variety of information about the strategic focus of business R&D, including areas of application and the technology focus of the R&D.