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출처 : sciencedirect

(Bio) sensors for measurment of analytes implicated analytes implicated

in food safety : a review

Abstract

The analytical technology based on sensors is an extremely wide field, which impacts on all the major industrial sectors, such as pharmaceutical, healthcare, food, agriculture, environment and water. The scope of this review is limited to sensors and biosensors developed over recent years specifically for determining analytes implicated in food safety. The review covers the basic principles and types of sensor formats, reported food-specific applications of sensors in the area of chemical and microbiological contaminant analysis, examples of commercial instrumentation and kits available, and indication of future developments in the sensor field. 

1. Introduction
The term sensor has been de￠ned as a device or system ^ including control and processing electronics, software and interconnection networks ^that responds to a physical or chemical quantity to produce an output that is ameasure of that quantity. A biosensor comprises two distinct elements: a biological recognition element ( e.g. antibodies, enzymes, lectins, receptors and microbial cells ) and, in close contact, a signal transduction element (e.g. optical amperometric, acoustic and electrochemical) connected to a data acquisition and processing system. Thus, the signal from the biological element is converted to a quanti￠able signal, e.g. electrical. According to Theevenot et al. [1], an electrochemical biosensor is a self-contained integrated device, which is capable of providing speci￠c quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element ( biochemical receptor ) which is retained in direct spatial contact with an electrochemical transduction element. Because of its ability to be repeatedly calibrated, the authors recommend that a biosensor should be distinguished from a bioanalytical system, which requires additional processing steps,such as reagent addition. The authors further suggest that biosensors may be classi￠ed according to the biological speci￠city-conferring mechanism or, alternatively, to the mode of physico-chemical signal transduction, and that standard protocols for setting performance criteria of biosensors are also important.

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